diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 9491a2f..45b0c8e 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -360,4 +360,5 @@ MigrationBackup/
 .ionide/
 
 # Fody - auto-generated XML schema
-FodyWeavers.xsd
\ No newline at end of file
+FodyWeavers.xsd
+/FinalProject/temp/shaders
diff --git a/FinalProject/FinalProject.vcxproj.filters b/FinalProject/FinalProject.vcxproj.filters
index 77dd024..20d5f67 100644
--- a/FinalProject/FinalProject.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/FinalProject/FinalProject.vcxproj.filters
@@ -157,10 +157,10 @@
     </QtMoc>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <None Include="vertexshader.vs">
+    <None Include="fragmentshader.fs">
       <Filter>Resource Files</Filter>
     </None>
-    <None Include="fragmentshader.fs">
+    <None Include="vertexshader.vs">
       <Filter>Resource Files</Filter>
     </None>
   </ItemGroup>
diff --git a/FinalProject/ebo.cpp b/FinalProject/ebo.cpp
index a76f2ec..68bb938 100644
--- a/FinalProject/ebo.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/ebo.cpp
@@ -1,33 +1,35 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "ebo.h"
+#include "logger.h"
 
 ElementBufferObject::ElementBufferObject() {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
 }
 
-ElementBufferObject::ElementBufferObject(const std::vector<unsigned int>& indices) :
-    _indices(indices) {
+ElementBufferObject::ElementBufferObject(const std::vector<unsigned int>& indices) {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBufferData(
         GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-        _indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
-        _indices.data(),
+        indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
+        indices.data(),
         GL_STATIC_DRAW
     );
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
 }
 
-ElementBufferObject::ElementBufferObject(std::vector<unsigned int>&& indices) :
-    _indices(std::move(indices)) {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+void ElementBufferObject::setBuffer(const std::vector<unsigned int>& indices) {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Try to bind buffer to an uninitialized element buffer object");
+        return;
+    }
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBufferData(
         GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-        _indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
-        _indices.data(),
+        indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
+        indices.data(),
         GL_STATIC_DRAW
     );
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FinalProject/ebo.h b/FinalProject/ebo.h
index 677ad9e..dbbc4c4 100644
--- a/FinalProject/ebo.h
+++ b/FinalProject/ebo.h
@@ -6,21 +6,49 @@
 
 class ElementBufferObject
 {
+public:
+    static ElementBufferObject empty() {
+        return ElementBufferObject();
+    }
+    
 private:
     unsigned int _id = 0;
-    std::vector<unsigned int> _indices;
+    
+private:
+    ElementBufferObject();
     
 public:
-    ElementBufferObject();
     ElementBufferObject(const std::vector<unsigned int>& indices);
-    ElementBufferObject(std::vector<unsigned int>&& indices);
 
     inline unsigned int id() const { return _id; }
-    inline std::vector<unsigned int> indices() const { return _indices; }
     
-    inline void dispose() const;
+    inline void bind() const;
+    inline void unbind() const;
+    inline void dispose();
+    inline void ensureInitialized();
+
+    void setBuffer(const std::vector<unsigned int>& indices);
 };
 
-inline void ElementBufferObject::dispose() const {
+inline void ElementBufferObject::bind() const {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Binding an invalid ElementBufferObject");
+        return;
+    }
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
+}
+
+inline void ElementBufferObject::unbind() const {
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+}
+
+inline void ElementBufferObject::dispose() {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
+}
+
+inline void ElementBufferObject::ensureInitialized() {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FinalProject/logger.cpp b/FinalProject/logger.cpp
index 3cac4f2..56618a4 100644
--- a/FinalProject/logger.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/logger.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "qdebug.h"
+#include <qdebug.h>
 
 #include "logger.h"
 
diff --git a/FinalProject/mainwindow.qrc b/FinalProject/mainwindow.qrc
index 68043e7..89c5a99 100644
--- a/FinalProject/mainwindow.qrc
+++ b/FinalProject/mainwindow.qrc
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 <RCC>
-    <qresource prefix="MainWindow">
+    <qresource prefix="/shaders">
+        <file>fragmentshader.fs</file>
+        <file>vertexshader.vs</file>
     </qresource>
 </RCC>
diff --git a/FinalProject/sceneviewer.cpp b/FinalProject/sceneviewer.cpp
index 598c1f2..2b123f6 100644
--- a/FinalProject/sceneviewer.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/sceneviewer.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
+#include <qresource.h>
+#include <qurl.h>
+#include <qdir.h>
 
 #include "vbo.h"
 #include "vao.h"
@@ -18,6 +21,16 @@ SceneViewer::SceneViewer(QWidget* parent)
     format.setProfile(QSurfaceFormat::CoreProfile);
     format.setVersion(4, 3);
     setFormat(format);
+    
+    // Create a folder
+    QDir dir("./temp/shaders");
+    if (!dir.exists()) {
+        dir.mkpath(".");
+    }
+    
+    // Copy the shaders to the folder
+    QFile::copy(":/shaders/vertexshader.vs", "./temp/shaders/vertexshader.vs");
+    QFile::copy(":/shaders/fragmentshader.fs", "./temp/shaders/fragmentshader.fs");
 }
 
 SceneViewer::~SceneViewer() {
@@ -31,6 +44,17 @@ void SceneViewer::initializeGL() {
     glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 
     Logger::info("Currently running on OpenGL version: " + std::string((const char*)glGetString(GL_VERSION)));
+
+    _vao.ensureInitialized();
+    Logger::info("Vertex Array Object initialized");
+
+    _shaderProgram.ensureInitialized();
+    Logger::info("Shader Program initialized");
+
+    VertexShader vertexShader("./temp/shaders/vertexshader.vs");
+    FragmentShader fragmentShader("./temp/shaders/fragmentshader.fs");
+    _shaderProgram.attachShader(vertexShader);
+
 }
 
 void SceneViewer::resizeGL(int w, int h) {
diff --git a/FinalProject/sceneviewer.h b/FinalProject/sceneviewer.h
index ebf604d..223fb9c 100644
--- a/FinalProject/sceneviewer.h
+++ b/FinalProject/sceneviewer.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "shader.h"
 #include "renderable.h"
 #include "vao.h"
 #include "utils.h"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ class SceneViewer : public QOpenGLWidget, protected QOpenGLFunctions
 
 private:
     std::vector<Renderable> _objects;
+    ShaderProgram _shaderProgram = ShaderProgram::empty();
+    VertexArrayObject _vao = VertexArrayObject::empty();
 	
 public:
 	SceneViewer(QWidget* parent = 0);
diff --git a/FinalProject/shader.cpp b/FinalProject/shader.cpp
index 268e76a..5a1873d 100644
--- a/FinalProject/shader.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/shader.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void GeometryShader::compile(const std::string& source) {
 }
 
 ShaderProgram::ShaderProgram() {
-    _programId = OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glCreateProgram();
+    _programId = 0;
 }
 
 ShaderProgram::ShaderProgram(VertexShader vertexShader) {
diff --git a/FinalProject/shader.h b/FinalProject/shader.h
index 1e75a34..fbe9233 100644
--- a/FinalProject/shader.h
+++ b/FinalProject/shader.h
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 class Shader {
 protected:
-    unsigned int _shaderId = -1;
+    unsigned int _shaderId = 0;
     
 public:
     Shader() {}
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ inline void Shader::dispose() {
 
 class VertexShader : public Shader {
 public:
-    VertexShader() {}
     VertexShader(const std::string& sourceFilePath);
     
 protected:
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@ protected:
 
 class FragmentShader : public Shader {
 public:
-    FragmentShader() {}
     FragmentShader(const std::string& sourceFilePath);
 
 protected:
@@ -45,7 +43,6 @@ protected:
 
 class GeometryShader : public Shader {
 public:
-    GeometryShader() {}
     GeometryShader(const std::string& sourceFilePath);
 
 protected:
@@ -53,11 +50,18 @@ protected:
 };
 
 class ShaderProgram {
+public:
+    static ShaderProgram empty() {
+        return ShaderProgram();
+    }
+    
 private:
     unsigned int _programId = 0;
 
-public:
+private:
     ShaderProgram();
+
+public:
     ShaderProgram(VertexShader vertexShader);
     ShaderProgram(FragmentShader fragmentShader);
     ShaderProgram(GeometryShader geometryShader);
@@ -67,19 +71,33 @@ public:
     ShaderProgram(VertexShader vertexShader, FragmentShader fragmentShader, GeometryShader geometryShader);
     
 public:
-    inline void setActive();
-    inline void setInactive();
-
     inline unsigned int programId() const { return _programId; }
 
+    inline void attachShader(const Shader& shader) const;
+    
+    inline void bind() const;
+    inline void unbind() const;
     inline void dispose();
+    inline void ensureInitialized();
 };
 
-inline void ShaderProgram::setActive() {
+inline void ShaderProgram::attachShader(const Shader& shader) const {
+    if (_programId == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Attaching a shader to an invalid ShaderProgram");
+        return;
+    }
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glAttachShader(_programId, shader.shaderId());
+}
+
+inline void ShaderProgram::bind() const {
+    if (_programId == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Binding an invalid ShaderProgram");
+        return;
+    }
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glUseProgram(_programId);
 }
 
-inline void ShaderProgram::setInactive() {
+inline void ShaderProgram::unbind() const {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glUseProgram(0);
 }
 
@@ -87,3 +105,9 @@ inline void ShaderProgram::dispose() {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glDeleteProgram(_programId);
     _programId = 0;
 }
+
+inline void ShaderProgram::ensureInitialized() {
+    if (_programId == 0) {
+        _programId = OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glCreateProgram();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/FinalProject/vao.cpp b/FinalProject/vao.cpp
index 429a143..acb4e51 100644
--- a/FinalProject/vao.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/vao.cpp
@@ -3,39 +3,20 @@
 #include "vao.h"
 
 VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject() {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
 }
 
-VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo) :
-    _vbo(vbo) {
+VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo) {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo.id());
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
 }
 
-VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo) :
-    _vbo(std::move(vbo)) {
+VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo, const ElementBufferObject& ebo) {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
-}
-
-VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo, const ElementBufferObject& ebo) :
-    _vbo(vbo), _ebo(ebo) {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _ebo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
-}
-
-VertexArrayObject::VertexArrayObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo, ElementBufferObject&& ebo) :
-    _vbo(std::move(vbo)), _ebo(std::move(ebo)) {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _ebo.id());
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo.id());
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo.id());
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FinalProject/vao.h b/FinalProject/vao.h
index dd0d8f8..33d19e3 100644
--- a/FinalProject/vao.h
+++ b/FinalProject/vao.h
@@ -8,27 +8,30 @@
 #include "logger.h"
 
 class VertexArrayObject {
+public:
+    static VertexArrayObject empty() {
+        return VertexArrayObject();
+    }
+
 private:
     unsigned int _id = 0;
-    VertexBufferObject _vbo;
-    ElementBufferObject _ebo;
+
+private:
+    VertexArrayObject();
 
 public:
-    VertexArrayObject();
     VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo);
-    VertexArrayObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo);
     VertexArrayObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo, const ElementBufferObject& ebo);
-    VertexArrayObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo, ElementBufferObject&& ebo);
 
     inline unsigned int id() const { return _id; }
-
+    
     inline void bind() const;
     inline void unbind() const;
+    inline void dispose();
+    inline void ensureInitialized();
 
     inline void bindVertexBufferObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo);
-    inline void bindVertexBufferObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo);
     inline void bindElementBufferObject(const ElementBufferObject& ebo);
-    inline void bindElementBufferObject(ElementBufferObject&& ebo);
 
     inline void setVertexAttributePointer(unsigned int index, int size, unsigned int type, bool normalized, unsigned int stride, const void* pointer) const;
     inline void enableVertexAttribute(unsigned int index) const;
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ public:
 
 inline void VertexArrayObject::bind() const {
     // Check is id is valid
-    if (_id == -1) {
+    if (_id == 0) {
         Logger::error("Binding an invalid VertexArrayObject");
         return;
     }
@@ -48,31 +51,26 @@ inline void VertexArrayObject::unbind() const {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
 }
 
-inline void VertexArrayObject::bindVertexBufferObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo) {
-    _vbo = vbo;
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
+inline void VertexArrayObject::dispose() {
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
 }
 
-inline void VertexArrayObject::bindVertexBufferObject(VertexBufferObject&& vbo) {
-    _vbo = std::move(vbo);
+inline void VertexArrayObject::ensureInitialized() {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenVertexArrays(1, &_id);
+    }
+}
+
+inline void VertexArrayObject::bindVertexBufferObject(const VertexBufferObject& vbo) {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _vbo.id());
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo.id());
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
 }
 
 inline void VertexArrayObject::bindElementBufferObject(const ElementBufferObject& ebo) {
-    _ebo = ebo;
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _ebo.id());
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
-}
-
-inline void VertexArrayObject::bindElementBufferObject(ElementBufferObject&& ebo) {
-    _ebo = std::move(ebo);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(_id);
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, _ebo.id());
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo.id());
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindVertexArray(0);
 }
 
diff --git a/FinalProject/vbo.cpp b/FinalProject/vbo.cpp
index 9f24404..e3b990f 100644
--- a/FinalProject/vbo.cpp
+++ b/FinalProject/vbo.cpp
@@ -1,33 +1,35 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "vbo.h"
+#include "logger.h"
 
 VertexBufferObject::VertexBufferObject() {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
 }
 
-VertexBufferObject::VertexBufferObject(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices) :
-    _vertices(vertices) {
+VertexBufferObject::VertexBufferObject(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices) {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBufferData(
         GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-        _vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
-        _vertices.data(),
+        vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
+        vertices.data(),
         GL_STATIC_DRAW
     );
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
 }
 
-VertexBufferObject::VertexBufferObject(std::vector<Vertex>&& vertices) :
-    _vertices(std::move(vertices)) {
-    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+void VertexBufferObject::setBuffer(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices) {
+    if (id == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Try to bind buffer to an uninitialized vertex buffer object");
+        return;
+    }
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBufferData(
         GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
-        _vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
-        _vertices.data(),
+        vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex),
+        vertices.data(),
         GL_STATIC_DRAW
     );
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FinalProject/vbo.h b/FinalProject/vbo.h
index 75daad2..5ec7082 100644
--- a/FinalProject/vbo.h
+++ b/FinalProject/vbo.h
@@ -6,21 +6,49 @@
 #include "utils.h"
 
 class VertexBufferObject {
+public:
+    static VertexBufferObject empty() {
+        return VertexBufferObject();
+    }
+    
 private:
     unsigned int _id = 0;
-    std::vector<Vertex> _vertices;
 
-public:
+private:
     VertexBufferObject();
+    
+public:
     VertexBufferObject(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices);
-    VertexBufferObject(std::vector<Vertex>&& vertices);
 
     inline unsigned int id() const { return _id; }
-    inline std::vector<Vertex> vertices() const { return _vertices; }
     
-    inline void dispose() const;
+    inline void bind() const;
+    inline void unbind() const;
+    inline void dispose();
+    inline void ensureInitialized();
+    
+    void setBuffer(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices);
 };
 
-inline void VertexBufferObject::dispose() const {
+inline void VertexBufferObject::bind() const {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        Logger::error("Binding an invalid VertexBufferObject");
+        return;
+    }
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, _id);
+}
+
+inline void VertexBufferObject::unbind() const {
+    OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+}
+
+inline void VertexBufferObject::dispose() {
     OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glDeleteBuffers(1, &_id);
+    _id = 0;
+}
+
+inline void VertexBufferObject::ensureInitialized() {
+    if (_id == 0) {
+        OPENGL_EXTRA_FUNCTIONS->glGenBuffers(1, &_id);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Models/backpack/ao.jpg b/Models/backpack/ao.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11a2aee
Binary files /dev/null and b/Models/backpack/ao.jpg differ
diff --git a/Models/backpack/backpack.mtl b/Models/backpack/backpack.mtl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8b974c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Models/backpack/backpack.mtl
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Blender MTL File: 'None'
+# Material Count: 1
+
+newmtl Scene_-_Root
+Ns 225.000000
+Ka 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
+Kd 0.800000 0.800000 0.800000
+Ks 0.500000 0.500000 0.500000
+Ke 0.0 0.0 0.0
+Ni 1.450000
+d 1.000000
+illum 2
+map_Kd diffuse.jpg
+map_Bump normal.png
+map_Ks specular.jpg
+
diff --git a/Models/backpack/diffuse.jpg b/Models/backpack/diffuse.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e971a33
Binary files /dev/null and b/Models/backpack/diffuse.jpg differ
diff --git a/Models/backpack/normal.png b/Models/backpack/normal.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a8a103
Binary files /dev/null and b/Models/backpack/normal.png differ
diff --git a/Models/backpack/roughness.jpg b/Models/backpack/roughness.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f50e67
Binary files /dev/null and b/Models/backpack/roughness.jpg differ
diff --git a/Models/backpack/source_attribution.txt b/Models/backpack/source_attribution.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a704b4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Models/backpack/source_attribution.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Model by Berk Gedik, from: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/survival-guitar-backpack-low-poly-799f8c4511f84fab8c3f12887f7e6b36
+
+Modified material assignment (Joey de Vries) for easier load in OpenGL model loading chapter, and renamed albedo to diffuse and metallic to specular to match non-PBR lighting setup.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Models/backpack/specular.jpg b/Models/backpack/specular.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fd675a
Binary files /dev/null and b/Models/backpack/specular.jpg differ